Advanced Practice Nursing Essentials For Role Development 4th Edition

CHAPTER1:
ANSWERS AND RATIONALES
1. Which change represents the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay 
healer?
1. Perception of health promotion as an obligation
2. Development of a clinical nurse specialist position statement 
3. Foundation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives
4. Emergence of a medical establishment
Page: 4
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1. This is incorrect. Lay healers traditionally viewed their role as being a function
of their community obligations; however, the emerging medical 
establishment viewed healing as a commodity. The emergence of a male 
medical establishment represents the primary impetus for the end of the era 
of the female lay healer. 
2. This is incorrect. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement 
on educational requirements for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was 
developed in 1965; the ANA’s position statement on the role of the CNS was 
issued in 1976. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents 
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer.
3. This is incorrect. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was 
founded in 1928. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents 
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer.
4. This is correct. The emergence of a male medical establishment represents 
the primary impetus for the end of the era of the female lay healer. Whereas 
lay healers viewed their role as being a function of their community 
obligations, the emerging medical establishment viewed healing as a 
commodity. The era of the female lay healer began and ended in the 19th
century. The American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) was founded 
in 1928. The American Nurses Association (ANA) position statement on 
educational requirements for the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) was developed
in 1965; the ANA’s position statement on the role of the CNS was issued in 
1976.
2. The beginning of modern nursing is traditionally considered to have begun with which
event? 
1. Establishment of the first school of nursing
2. Incorporation of midwifery by the lay healer
3. Establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS)
4. Creation of the American Association of Nurse-Midwives (AANM) 
Answer: 1
Pages: 4–5
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1. This is correct. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have begun in 
1873, when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened. The role of
the lay healer as a midwife is documented to have occurred in the 19th 
century, before the establishment of schools of nursing. The Frontier Nursing 
Service (FNS), which provided nurse-midwifery services, was established in 
1925. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of Midwives, which was an 
outgrowth of the FNS, became the American Association of Nurse-Midwives 
(AANM). 
2. This is incorrect. The role of the lay healer as a midwife is documented to 
have occurred in the 19th century, before the establishment of schools of 
nursing. Traditionally, modern nursing is considered to have begun in 1873, 
when the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened. 
3. This is incorrect. The Frontier Nursing Service (FNS), which provided nursemidwifery services, was established in 1925. Traditionally, modern nursing is 
considered to have begun in 1873, when the first three U.S. training schools 
for nurses opened. 
4. This is incorrect. In 1928, the Kentucky State Association of Midwives, which 
was an outgrowth of the FNS, became the American Association of NurseMidwives (AANM). Modern nursing is considered to have begun in 1873, at 
which time the first three U.S. training schools for nurses opened.
3. In 1910, which factors most significantly influenced the midwifery profession? Select 
all that apply. 
1. Strict licensing requirements
2. Negative public perception 
3. Dedicated funding for training
4. Poor maternal-child outcomes
5. Mandatory professional supervision